- Infectious Diseases of Livestock
- Part 3
- Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: SPIROCHAETES
- Swine dysentery
- Borrelia theileri infection
- Borrelia suilla infection
- Lyme disease in livestock
- Leptospirosis
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: AEROBIC ⁄ MICRO-AEROPHILIC, MOTILE, HELICAL ⁄ VIBROID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
- Genital campylobacteriosis in cattle
- Proliferative enteropathies of pigs
- Campylobacter jejuni infection
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: GRAM-NEGATIVE AEROBIC OR CAPNOPHILIC RODS AND COCCI
- Moraxella spp. infections
- Bordetella bronchiseptica infections
- Pseudomonas spp. infections
- Glanders
- Melioidosis
- Brucella spp. infections
- Bovine brucellosis
- Brucella ovis infection
- Brucella melitensis infection
- Brucella suis infection
- Brucella infections in terrestrial wildlife
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC GRAM NEGATIVE RODS
- Klebsiella spp. infections
- Escherichia coli infections
- Salmonella spp. infections
- Bovine salmonellosis
- Ovine and caprine salmonellosis
- Porcine salmonellosis
- Equine salmonellosis
- Yersinia spp. infections
- Haemophilus and Histophilus spp. infections
- Haemophilus parasuis infection
- Histophilus somni disease complex in cattle
- Actinobacillus spp. infections
- infections
- Actinobacillus equuli infections
- Gram-negative pleomorphic infections: Actinobacillus seminis, Histophilus ovis and Histophilus somni
- Porcine pleuropneumonia
- Actinobacillus suis infections
- Pasteurella and Mannheimia spp. infections
- Pneumonic mannheimiosis and pasteurellosis of cattle
- Haemorrhagic septicaemia
- Pasteurellosis in sheep and goats
- Porcine pasteurellosis
- Progressive atrophic rhinitis
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE, IRREGULAR RODS
- Fusobacterium necrophorum, Dichelobacter (Bacteroides) nodosus and Bacteroides spp. infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI
- Staphylococcus spp. infections
- Staphylococcus aureus infections
- Exudative epidermitis
- Other Staphylococcus spp. infections
- Streptococcus spp. infections
- Strangles
- Streptococcus suis infections
- Streptococcus porcinus infections
- Other Streptococcus spp. infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ENDOSPORE-FORMING GRAM-POSITIVE RODS AND COCCI
- Anthrax
- Clostridium perfringens group infections
- Clostridium perfringens type A infections
- Clostridium perfringens type B infections
- Clostridium perfringens type C infections
- Clostridium perfringens type D infections
- Malignant oedema⁄gas gangrene group of Clostridium spp.
- Clostridium chauvoei infections
- Clostridium novyi infections
- Clostridium septicum infections
- Other clostridial infections
- Tetanus
- Botulism
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: REGULAR, NON-SPORING, GRAM-POSITIVE RODS
- Listeriosis
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: IRREGULAR, NON-SPORING, GRAM-POSITIVE RODS
- Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections
- Corynebacterium renale group infections
- Bolo disease
- Actinomyces bovis infections
- Trueperella pyogenes infections
- Actinobaculum suis infections
- Actinomyces hyovaginalis infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: MYCOBACTERIA
- Tuberculosis
- Paratuberculosis
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ACTINOMYCETES
- Nocardiosis
- Rhodococcus equi infections
- Dermatophilosis
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: MOLLICUTES
- Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
- Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
- Mycoplasmal pneumonia of pigs
- Mycoplasmal polyserositis and arthritis of pigs
- Mycoplasmal arthritis of pigs
- Bovine genital mycoplasmosis
- Neurotoxin-producing group of Clostridium spp.
- Contagious equine metritis
- Tyzzer's disease
- MYCOTIC AND ALGAL DISEASES: Mycoses
- MYCOTIC AND ALGAL DISEASES: Pneumocystosis
- MYCOTIC AND ALGAL DISEASES: Protothecosis and other algal diseases
- DISEASE COMPLEXES / UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY: Epivag
- DISEASE COMPLEXES / UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY: Ulcerative balanoposthitis and vulvovaginitis of sheep
- DISEASE COMPLEXES / UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY: Ill thrift
- Eperythrozoonosis
- Bovine haemobartonellosis
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
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Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Previous authors: P-C LEFÈVRE AND F THIAUCOURT
Current author:
F T H THIAUCOURT - OIE Expert and Head of CIRAD CBPP Reference Laboratory, Veterinarian, PhD, HDR, TA A117 Campus de Baillarguet, Montpellier, Occitanie, 34398, France
Introduction
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is one of the most severe diseases of goats. It presents as an acute, highly contagious disease characterized by fever, coughing, severe respiratory distress and high mortality, and is caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp). It has also been described in certain wild ruminants.
The history of the disease is rather complex since there are several mycoplasmas that may produce pneumonia or pleuropneumonia in goats, and the causative agent was only isolated and characterized in 1976. Due to the fastidiousness of the agent and its antigenic relations with other mycoplasmas, it took many years before CCPP was recognized as a specific disease entity. Its history should therefore be reconsidered in the light of our present knowledge. The past literature on the disease was comprehensively reviewed by Thiaucourt in 1994.68
In 1873, in Algeria, a French military veterinary surgeon, Philippe Thomas, described a disease called Bou Frida with the characteristic clinical signs and lesions of what is now known as CCPP. This description seems to be the first one.73 A few years later in 1881 in South Africa, Duncan Hutcheon reported a disease in goats imported from Turkey that had spread to local goats and which appeared to be CCPP.22 He carried out experiments that gave valuable information on the length of the incubation period and the epidemiology of the disease.22, 23
From the beginning of the twentieth century, there were many reports of outbreaks of CCPP from different parts of the world, mainly the Mediterranean area or Africa, and attempts to reproduce it and isolate the causative organism were carried out. The latter, however, led to a growing confusion since several diseases caused by various Mycoplasma spp. were involved.5, 31, 37, 39, 49, 50, 55
It was only in 1976 that Macowan and Minette41 isolated a mycoplasma strain in Kenya that was called F38 and that was different in its growth inhibition test from the strains previously isolated from caprine pleuropneumonia, such as Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri or M. capricolum. Experimental reproduction of the disease, in which the clinical signs and lesions observed in natural cases were manifested, was obtained by inoculating pure cultures of this strain into goats, and F38-like strains were subsequently isolated from such experimentally induced cases.21, 42, 59 Since then CCPP has been considered a specific disease entity and this has been confirmed by the application of Koch postulates.18 In 1993 the F38 strain was given a definitive name.33
Aetiology
It has been established that the sole agent responsible for CCPP is Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp). Like all mycoplasmas, it is a small pleomorphic micro-organism lacking a cell wall. It shares serological and genetic properties with five Mycoplasma spp. that are pathogens of ruminants. It is included in the so-called Mycoides cluster (Table 1).7
Table 1 Evolution of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster taxonomy from 198713 to 200948
Mycoplasma mycoides cluster | ||||||
mycoides sub-cluster | capricolum sub-cluster | |||||
1987 taxonomy Cottew et al. 198713 | M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) | M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC (MmmLC) | M. mycoides subsp. mycoides SC (MmmSC) | M. sp. Gr7 Leach (MGr7) | M. capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) |
2017 taxonomy Manso-Silvan et al. 200948 | M. mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc) | M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) | M. leachii (Ml) | M. capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) | M. capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) | |
Disease | MAKEPS* Contagious agalaxia | CBPP | MAKEPS* | MAKEPS* Contagious agalaxia | CCPP | |
Main host | Goats | Cattle | Cattle | Goats | Goats |
*MAKEPS: Mastitis, Arthritis, Keratoconjunctivitis, Pneumonia, Septicaemia
In vitro, Mccp is a slow-growing mycoplasma compared to the other species, and it does not hydrolyse arginine, while M. capricolum does. In addition, the use of substrates by the oxydative route, such as pyruvate, is typical of Mccp. 1 Molecular studies permit the F38-type strains to be classified as a subspecies of M. capricolum. A comparison of the genomic relationships between M. capricolum strains and F38 strains resulted in intra-group DNA-DNA relatedness values of 85 to 90 per cent, while the relatedness was only 70 per cent between the two groups. The M. capricolum species, therefore, had to be divided into two new subspecies.33
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae is a very vulnerable micro-organism and is not able to survive for long in the external environment.
Epidemiology
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae has been isolated in Kenya,41 Ethiopia,70 Eritrea, Sudan,19 Uganda,9 Chad,34 and Niger, but there is serological evidence of its wider presence in West Africa, for example in Mali.62 It has also been isolated in Turkey in the Middle-East74 and Oman24 and the United Arab Emirates60 in the Arabian Peninsula. More recently it has been isolated in East Turkey,11 Mauritius,66 Tajikistan,2 China (both from...
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