- Infectious Diseases of Livestock
- Part 2
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PARVOVIRIDAE
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PARAMYXOVIRIDAE AND PNEUMOVIRIDAE
- Rinderpest
- Peste des petits ruminants
- Parainfluenza type 3 infection
- Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection
- Hendra virus infection
- Paramyxovirus-induced reproductive failure and congenital defects in pigs
- Nipah virus disease
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: CALICIVIRIDAE AND ASTROVIRIDAE
- Vesicular exanthema
- Enteric caliciviruses of pigs and cattle
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: RETROVIRIDAE
- Enzootic bovine leukosis
- Jaagsiekte
- Visna-maedi
- Caprine arthritis-encephalitis
- Equine infectious anaemia
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE
- Papillomavirus infection of ruminants
- Papillomavirus infection of equids
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
- Equine influenza
- Swine influenza
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: CORONAVIRIDAE
- Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis
- Porcine respiratory coronavirus infection
- Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
- Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus infection
- Porcine deltacoronavirus infection
- Bovine coronavirus infection
- Ovine coronavirus infection
- Equine coronavirus infection
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PARVOVIRIDAE
- Porcine parvovirus infection
- Bovine parvovirus infection
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ADENOVIRIDAE
- Adenovirus infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: HERPESVIRIDAE
- Equid herpesvirus 1 and equid herpesvirus 4 infections
- Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 and equid gammaherpesvirus 5 infections
- Equine coital exanthema
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and infectious pustular balanoposthitis
- Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 infections
- Malignant catarrhal fever
- Pseudorabies
- Suid herpesvirus 2 infection
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ARTERIVIRIDAE
- Equine viral arteritis
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: FLAVIVIRIDAE
- Bovine viral diarrhoea and mucosal disease
- Border disease
- Hog cholera
- Wesselsbron disease
- Louping ill
- West nile virus infection
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: TOGAVIRIDAE
- Equine encephalitides caused by alphaviruses in the Western Hemisphere
- Old World alphavirus infections in animals
- Getah virus infection
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: BUNYAVIRIDAE
- Diseases caused by Akabane and related Simbu-group viruses
- Rift Valley fever
- Nairobi sheep disease
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: ASFARVIRIDAE
- African swine fever
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: RHABDOVIRIDAE
- Rabies
- Bovine ephemeral fever
- Vesicular stomatitis and other vesiculovirus infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: REOVIRIDAE
- Bluetongue
- Ibaraki disease in cattle
- Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
- African horse sickness
- Equine encephalosis
- Palyam serogroup orbivirus infections
- Rotavirus infections
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: POXVIRIDAE
- Lumpy skin disease
- Sheeppox and goatpox
- Orf
- Ulcerative dermatosis
- Bovine papular stomatitis
- Pseudocowpox
- Swinepox
- Cowpox
- Horsepox
- Camelpox
- Buffalopox
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PICORNAVIRIDAE
- Teschen, Talfan and reproductive diseases caused by porcine enteroviruses
- Encephalomyocarditis virus infection
- Swine vesicular disease
- Equine picornavirus infection
- Bovine rhinovirus infection
- Foot-and-mouth disease
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: BORNAVIRIDAE
- Borna disease
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: CIRCOVIRIDAE AND ANELLOVIRIDAE
- Post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome in swine
- GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PRION DISEASES
- Scrapie
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in other domestic and captive wild species
GENERAL INTRODUCTION: PARVOVIRIDAE
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PARVOVIRIDAE
A General Introduction has been added to each disease chapter in an attempt to give a brief updated overview of the taxonomic, biological and other characteristics of the virus family or group of bacteria /protozoa that cause disease in livestock and, where relevant, involve wildlife. As the text of the three-volume book Infectious Diseases of Livestock is currently under revision the Editors are aware that there are inconsistencies between the updated introductions to chapters and the content of the chapters themselves. Once the chapters have been updated – a process that is currently underway – these inconsistencies will be removed.
Members of the family Parvoviridae (parvus = small in Latin) are some of the smallest viruses (about 25 nm in diameter) that infect a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. On this basis they are divided into two subfamilies, i.e. those that infect invertebrates (Densovirinae) and vertebrates (Parvovirinae). 1
The subfamily Parvovirinae, which currently contains 41 viruses,is further divided into 8 genera, 7 of which infect mammals (Amdoparvovirus, Bocaparvovirus, Capiparvovirus, Dependoparvovirus, Erythroparvovirus, Protoparvovirus, Tetraparvovirus); the eighth (Aveparvovirus) infect birds. Dependoparvoviruses contain adeno-associated viruses of mammals (e.g. humans, cattle, dogs, bats, seals) that have so far not been associated with disease. These viruses require the presence of an adenovirus in the infected cell to complete their life-cycle.
The current classification system of Parvoviridae is complicated and – for non-specialists in this field – sometimes difficult to follow.
Of the viruses that infect domestic mammal species, porcine parvovirus (new species name – Ungulate protoparvovirus 1) is an important cause of reproductive failure in gilts and young sows throughout the world. The pathogenic potential of bovine parvoviruses (Ungulate bocaparvovirus 1) is less well understood. Feline parvovirus (Carnivore protoparvovirus 1) causes a devastating disease of cats (Feline panleukoenia), and variants of this virus are pathogenic in a number of other carnivore species such as dogs (Canine parvovirus 2), mink and raccoons.
Parvoviridae replicate in cells in the S-phase of mitosis and therefore require rapidly dividing cells in order to propagate themselves efficiently. Members of the family are also remarkably resistant to a range of environmental conditions that most other viruses are unable to survive, e.g. lipid solvents, pH 3 to 9, and heating to 56 °C for 60 minutes.1, 2
Virions are unenveloped, isometric with icosahedral symmetry; the capsid being comprised of three (four in the case of Densovirinae) polypeptides derived from a common sequence. The genome comprises a molecule of linear, single-stranded DNA. Most parvoviruses encapsidate only negative sense DNA, whereas virions of other parvoviruses include both positive and negative sense DNA molecules.1
References
- International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ (accession date – 26/05/2017)
- MACLACHLAN N.J. & DUBOVI, E.J. (eds.), 2016. Veterinary Virology, 5th edition, Academic Press.
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